Taxacom: oranges - biogeography worth reading

[John Grehan]

For those interested, new paper "Heads, M. 2025. Biogeography, evolution,
and ecology of oranges and their relatives (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae).
Journal of Systematics and Evolution doi: 10.1111/jse.70002 "

Abstract below. Note how the paper integrates ecological dispersal and
vicariance.

  Abstract The 26 genera of aurantioids and the 28 species of one genus,
Citrus, are mapped. The distributions are explained, not by using
fossil?calibrated clade ages and ancestral?area algorithms, but by focusing
on the geometry of the clade distributions and the tectonic history at the
break zones (nodes). Allopatry is attributed to vicariance, while overlap
is attributed to normal dispersal. Subfamily Aurantioideae is allopatric
with its sister groups in Eurasia and the Americas. In contrast, the seven
main clades within Aurantioideae show a high level of overlap. But within
each of these seven main clades, there is again a high level of allopatry.
The pattern is explained by vicariance events at the first and third
levels. The overlap at the second level can be accounted for if vicariance
(now obscured) generated the clades and subsequent dispersal caused
secondary overlap of the clades. This latter phase of mobilism can be
explained by the migration of coastlines and maritime flora far inland
during marine transgressions, especially in the mid?Cretaceous. Many
aurantioids inhabit mangrove?associated vegetation, beach thicket,
limestone substrate, and areas with high levels of disturbance. Within
Citrus,the five main clades overlap in South Central China (Nanling
Mountains) and are allopatric elsewhere. The overlap zone has been
interpreted as a center of origin, but it is explained here as a break
zone, the site of vicariance in a widespread ancestor, where localized,
secondary overlap has developed later. The zone coincides with a belt of
mid?Cretaceous deformation manifested in voluminous magmatism, subsidence,
rifting, back?arc extension, and the opening of the East China Sea.

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