Taxacom: Fwd: Two or more authors: language

Wed Aug 6 15:31:40 CDT 2025

It would be weird if the ampersand were treated differently from et as it is actually just a ligature of the letters e and t, admittedly a bit fancy, but there are versions of the ampersand where its components e and t are more clearly recognizable.

Frank

Dr. Frank-Thorsten Krell
Faculty Affiliate/Museum Associate
C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity
Colorado State University
Department of Agricultural Biology
1177H Campus Delivery
Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
frank.krell at colostate.edu<mailto:frank.krell at colostate.edu>
Phone 720.308.0241
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________________________________
From: Taxacom <taxacom-bounces at lists.ku.edu> on behalf of Tony Rees via Taxacom <taxacom at lists.ku.edu>
Sent: Wednesday, August 6, 2025 2:04 PM
To: Francisco Welter-Schultes <fwelter at gwdg.de>
Cc: taxacom at lists.ku.edu <taxacom at lists.ku.edu>
Subject: Re: Taxacom: Fwd: Two or more authors: language

** Caution: EXTERNAL Sender **

For completeness, here are the relevant paragraphs from the 2018 (Shenzhen)
botanical Code or ICNafp. I do not know whether this has changed in the
most recent, Madrid Code (2025), which I believe was first published last
month (July) in hard copy but needs to be purchased (others may be able to
comment further). In summary: both "et" and "&" are acceptable in botanical
usage at present; whether this hides any change either away from or towards
usage of one or the other, I cannot say...

- Tony

>From https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iapt-taxon.org%2Fnomen%2Fpages%2Fmain%2Fart_46.html&data%7C02%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7Ce5e80ca7cf8049cf93fd08ddd5284182%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C638901091105593841%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=jScicES2XdZqJvgMTFIXI67R3GBLNNGbmZwFXN0YNug%3D&reserved=0:<https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iapt-taxon.org%2Fnomen%2Fpages%2Fmain%2Fart_46.html&data%7C02%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7Ce5e80ca7cf8049cf93fd08ddd5284182%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C638901091105612549%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=WBmmnsgljfnxe6cq%2Bza7BzrAhcLp0dVPq0Ep%2Fv2%2BD7Y%3D&reserved=0>

Recommendation 46C

*46C.1.* After a name published jointly by two authors, both authors should
be cited, linked by an ampersand (&) or by the word ?et?.

*Ex.* *1.* *Didymopanax gleasonii* Britton & P. Wilson or *D.*
*gleasonii* Britton
et P. Wilson.

*46C.2.* After a name published jointly by more than two authors, the
citation should be restricted to the first author followed by ?& al.? or
?et al.?, except in the original publication.

*Ex.* *2.* *Lapeirousia erythrantha* var. *welwitschii* (Baker) Geerinck,
Lisowski, Malaisse & Symoens (in Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 105: 336.
1972) should be cited as *L.* *erythrantha* var. *welwitschii* (Baker)
Geerinck & al. or *L.* *erythrantha* var. *welwitschii* (Baker) Geerinck et
al.

On Thu, 7 Aug 2025 at 03:07, Francisco Welter-Schultes via Taxacom <
taxacom at lists.ku.edu> wrote:

> As Thomas pointed out, the Recommendation to cite all authors at least
> once in a work is discussed for being deleted in the next edition,
> because this depends on the individual situation, context, number of
> co-authors and editorial preferences.
>
> How is the pronounciation in the spoken languages?
>
> In German we say "Miller et al", just pronouncing "et" and "al" as if
> these were German words. This is an international standard expression
> and we just take it as such.
> If we read "&" we usually say "und", so reading "Miller & Hansen" we
> would usually say "Miller und Hansen".
>
> In French "and" translates "et", which is the same word as in Latin. So
> for French scientists citing autors in the form "Miller et Hansen" would
> just be the usual way.
>
> In German if we read "Miller et Hansen" this would provoke a conflict
> for the pronounciation. Some might be inclined to read "Miller et
> Hansen" (pronouncing "et" either in the German mode, or perhaps more
> likely in the French mode, "Miller e Hansen"). This might be one of the
> reasons why writing "&" is preferred in such situations. The & might be
> successful because people in either language are free to pronounce in
> their own way.
>
> Pronouncing "et al." is relatively simple - but how would we pronounce
> "& al."? Would we say "und al"? Perhaps not. I would personally treat
> this like an orthographic error and ignore the &, I would just read "et
> al".
>
> I am asking myself how many zoologists know what "al." means? Italians
> and Catalonians might just read "altri" or "altres". Also in Romanian
> and Greek "others" translates to a word starting with "al".
>
> I am not sufficiently firm in spoken English, and I wonder if there are
> differences in the pronounciation between British, North American,
> Australian or Indian English native speakers.
>
> Best wishes
> Francisco
>
> Am 06.08.2025 um 15:04 schrieb Thomas Pape via Taxacom:
> > Erikjan wrote: "[...] provided that all authors of the name are cited in
> full elsewhere in the same work, either in the text or in a bibliographic
> reference."
> > Correct.
> > We have discussed this in the ongoing work on revising the zooCode and
> we may decide to propose that this part is omitted from the next version.
> > The word "provided" means that the Recommendation of "[first author] et
> al." depends on whether or not all authors are mentioned somewhere. Much
> depends on the individual situation (context, number of co-authors,
> editorial preferences, etc.).
> >
> > Alternatives like "Andersen, Hansen et al." or "Andersen, [21 authors] &
> Hansen" would be fully acceptable.
> >
> > Frederick wrote: "...and "&" "originated as a ligature of the letters of
> the word et" - wikipedia."
> > Exactly, which shows that this is mainly about tradition. I have not
> seen "& al." being used, although it has the same meaning as "et al.".
> >
> > /Thomas
> >
> >
> > -----Original Message-----
> > From: Erikjan Rijkers <er at xs4all.nl>
> > Sent: 6. august 2025 14:40
> > To: Thomas Pape <tpape at snm.ku.dk>; Taxacom (taxacom at lists.ku.edu) <
> taxacom at lists.ku.edu>
> > Subject: Re: Taxacom: Fwd: Two or more authors: language
> >
> > [You don't often get email from er at xs4all.nl. Learn why this is
> important at https://aka.ms/LearnAboutSenderIdentification ]
> >
> > Op 8/6/25 om 14:21 schreef Thomas Pape via Taxacom:
> >> In zoological nomenclature, author citation and year of publication do
> not form part of the name of a taxon and their citation is optional,
> although customary.
> >>
> >> The zoo-Code has this Recommendation 51C. Citation of multiple authors.
> When three or more joint authors have been responsible for a name, then the
> citation of the name of the authors may be expressed by use of the term "et
> al." following the name of the first author [...]. Note that this is not a
> requirement. The choice of "[first author] et al." is based on the fact
> that this is the predominant practice in the taxonomic literature.
> >>
> >> The zoo-Code uses "&" in all Examples and Recommendations where
> situations with only two authors of a scientific name occur.
> >
> > And note that 'Recommendation 51C' also says:
> >
> > "[...] provided that all authors of the name are cited in full elsewhere
> in the same work, either in the text or in a bibliographic reference."
> >
> >
> > Regards,
> >
> > Erikjan
> >
> >
> >
> >> /Thomas Pape
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> -----Original Message-----
> >> From: Taxacom <taxacom-bounces at lists.ku.edu> On Behalf Of Peter
> >> Phillipson via Taxacom
> >> Sent: 6. august 2025 13:36
> >> To: Taxacom (taxacom at lists.ku.edu) <taxacom at lists.ku.edu>; Tony Rees
> >> <tonyrees49 at gmail.com>; Mary Barkworth <Mary.Barkworth at usu.edu>
> >> Subject: Re: Taxacom: Fwd: Two or more authors: language
> >>
> >> An AI response to a query I just made after reading this exchange
> provided an interesting answer, but I am not suggesting that we should
> blindly follow what a machine suggests!
> >>
> >> - I copy and paste verbatim:
> >>
> >> Botanical Nomenclature: Governed by the International Code of
> Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN).
> >> Zoological Nomenclature: Governed by the International Code of
> Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).
> >>
> >> Both codes emphasize stability and clarity, and et al. remains the
> accepted abbreviation when citing multiple authors. The ICZN, for instance,
> does not allow changes like replacing et al. with & al. in formal naming.
> >> Unfortunately, there are no published quantitative statistics comparing
> the frequency of "et al." vs "& al." or other variants in botanical or
> zoological literature. However, here are some qualitative observations:
> >>
> >>     *   Academic Journals and Databases (e.g., ZooBank, IPNI, Tropicos)
> overwhelmingly use et al. in author citations.
> >>     *   "& al." is more likely to appear in:
> >>        *   Informal writing or older texts
> >>        *   Non-standardized databases or OCR-scanned documents
> >>     *   Trend Toward Simplification: In digital platforms and casual
> contexts, there's a mild tendency to drop Latin formalism, but this hasn't
> penetrated formal nomenclature.
> >>
> >>
> >> ________________________________
> >> From: Taxacom <taxacom-bounces at lists.ku.edu> on behalf of Mary
> >> Barkworth via Taxacom <taxacom at lists.ku.edu>
> >> Sent: 06 August 2025 12:23 PM
> >> To: Taxacom (taxacom at lists.ku.edu) <taxacom at lists.ku.edu>; Tony Rees
> >> <tonyrees49 at gmail.com>
> >> Subject: Re: Taxacom: Fwd: Two or more authors: language
> >>
> >> I suspect many botanists are also moving to using "&". It is used by
> IPNI, Plants of the World Online, and World Flora Online. It is like
> Leguminosae and Fabaceae. They are equally acceptable, but today Fabaceae
> is the more frequently encountered in online resources.
> >>
> >> ________________________________
> >> From: Taxacom <taxacom-bounces at lists.ku.edu> on behalf of Tony Rees
> >> via Taxacom <taxacom at lists.ku.edu>
> >> Sent: Wednesday, August 6, 2025 2:25 AM
> >> To: Taxacom (taxacom at lists.ku.edu) <taxacom at lists.ku.edu>
> >> Subject: Taxacom: Fwd: Two or more authors: language
> >>
> >> My feeling (which I believe is correct) is that botanical tradition is
> to use a bit more Latin than zoological tradition (these days). So a
> botanical work is more likely to say (e.g.) Smith et Jones, 1905, while a
> zoological work would use Smith & Jones, 1905. For my compendium, which
> spans both botanical and zoological names (the latter outnumber the former
> by around 4:1), I standardise everything to a single format, using "&" and
> not "et"
> >> to link names together ("et al." being an exception).
> >>
> >> Tony Rees, New South Wales, Australia
> >> https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i%2F&data%7C02%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7Ce5e80ca7cf8049cf93fd08ddd5284182%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C638901091105631362%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=jtMRdbz7Pbj4FkPziftaUWqqKYFNcIVtEaA5ICKWE9Y%3D&reserved=0<https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i%2F&data%7C02%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7Ce5e80ca7cf8049cf93fd08ddd5284182%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C638901091105649875%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata-KStcLtSnGzKMv9U4m9RThmDQL1YUZoCJTAylaa%2Bqk%3D&reserved=0>
> >> rmng.org%2F&data%7C02%7Ctpape%40snm.ku.dk%7C60bd8011513443ff93b408d
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> >> r02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irmng.org%2
> >> F&data%7C02%7Ctpape%40snm.ku.dk%7C60bd8011513443ff93b408ddd4e66c34%
> >> 7Ca3927f91cda14696af898c9f1ceffa91%7C0%7C0%7C638900808294397669%7CUnkn
> >> own%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJX
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> >> 2BXgNRSjtWKjLHj%2FbPVeIOflqvR6rifu%2FDE%3D&reserved=0>
> >>
> >>
> >> On Wed, 6 Aug 2025 at 17:08, Mikhail Daneliya via Taxacom <
> taxacom at lists.ku.edu> wrote:
> >>
> >>> Dear colleagues,
> >>>
> >>> In cases when there are two or more authors for a taxon I have been
> >>> using "et" instead of common "&" or "and" to harmonize the language.
> >>> For example, Paramblyops rostrata Holt et Tattersall, 1905, instead
> >>> of Paramblyops rostrata Holt & Tattersall, 1905.
> >>> What do you think?
> >>> Should it be used in the same format, like it was used originally? Or
> >>> can it be freely modified? Can it be used for newly names?
> >>>
> >>> I hope I made it clear.
> >>>
> >>> Thank you!
> >>>
> >>> Mikhail Daneliya
> >>> _______________________________________________
> >>> Taxacom Mailing List
> >>>
> >>> Nurturing nuance while assailing ambiguity for 38 years, 1987-2025.
> >>>
> >>> Send Taxacom mailing list submissions to: taxacom at lists.ku.edu For
> >>> list information; to subscribe or unsubscribe, visit:
> >>> https://list/
> >>> s.ku.edu%2Flistinfo%2Ftaxacom&data%7C02%7Ctpape%40snm.ku.dk%7C3273
> >>> d
> >>> e6fe0ef48a0676908ddd4dd64f9%7Ca3927f91cda14696af898c9f1ceffa91%7C0%7C
> >>> 0
> >>> %7C638900769528457552%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWU
> >>> s
> >>> IlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%
> >>> 7
> >>> C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=AhK4YDR1TIxIcT41T3ov6S0P4LGAmr5I39sv9k36JZA%3D&rese
> >>> r
> >>> ved=0<https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Feur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com%2F%3Furl%3Dhttps%253A%252F&data%7C02%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7Ce5e80ca7cf8049cf93fd08ddd5284182%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C638901091105668695%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=tVOig0eBq3%2BCRV6EVwt08Si9lRQ20VQWYcf6qpYcfL0%3D&reserved=0
> >>> %25
> >>> 2Flists.ku.edu%2Flistinfo%2Ftaxacom&data%7C02%7Ctpape%40snm.ku.dk%
> >>> 7
> >>> C3273de6fe0ef48a0676908ddd4dd64f9%7Ca3927f91cda14696af898c9f1ceffa91%
> >>> 7
> >>> C0%7C0%7C638900769528474593%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiO
> >>> n
> >>> RydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%
> >>> 3
> >>> D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata$mTxf9rPFKm2UAHS6zcMo7J3GlNDXuh%2BSaRK80OfY4
> >>> % 3D&reserved=0> You can reach the person managing the list at:
> >>> taxacom-owner at lists.ku.edu
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>
> >> _______________________________________________
> >> Taxacom Mailing List
> >>
> >> Nurturing nuance while assailing ambiguity for 38 years, 1987-2025.
> >>
> >> Send Taxacom mailing list submissions to: taxacom at lists.ku.edu For
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> >> 011513443ff93b408ddd4e66c34%7Ca3927f91cda14696af898c9f1ceffa91%7C0%7C0
> >> %7C638900808294418674%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUs
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> >> C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=9JLtB8xechT8HJ9hOzPqE8Rcpq%2F7Kow2QHbBF5kbU14%3D&res
> >> erved=0<
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